Historical maps of the Byzantine Empire 330-1453

Last updated: 10 September 2026

Index of maps
330　395　450　476　565　592　622　630　641　668　717　775　813　842　867　927　959　969　975　1000　1025　1045　1059　1081　1118　1143　1155　1180　1203　1205　1230　1254　1262　1328　1340　1354　1400　1403　1445　1453　Topographical map　Bibliography

Map of the Roman Empire in 330 CE. This year, Constantine the Great inaugurated the city of Constantinople.
Map of the Roman Empire in 330 CE. This year, Constantine the Great inaugurated the city of Constantinople. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Roman Empire in 395 CE. This year, Emperor Theodosius demised. The Roman Empire was then divided and ruled east and west.
The Roman Empire in 395 CE. This year, Emperor Theodosius demised. The Roman Empire was then divided and ruled east and west. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Roman Empire in 450 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Theodosius II’s reign.
The Roman Empire in 450 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Theodosius II’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
Map of The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire), the Territory of Julius Nepos and the Domain of Soissons in 476 CE. This year, the western Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus abdicated.
Map of The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire), the Territory of Julius Nepos and the Domain of Soissons in 476 CE. This year, the western Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus abdicated. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
Map of The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 565 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Justinian’s reign.
Map of The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 565 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Justinian’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 592 CE. This year, Mauricius marked the decade of his enthronement, and the Byzantine Empire made peace with the Sasanian Empire.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 592 CE, Mauricius marked the decade of his enthronement, and the Byzantine Empire made peace with the Sasanian Empire.Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 622 CE. This year, the emperor Heraclius finally turned against the Persians in the Byzantine-Sasanian War.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 622 CE, the emperor Heraclius finally turned against the Persians in the Byzantine-Sasanian War. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 630 CE. In this year, the emperor Heraclius returned the True Cross to Jerusalem. It was the cross that he had regained as a result of his victory over the Sasanian dynasty.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 630 CE, the emperor Heraclius returned the True Cross to Jerusalem. It was the cross that he had regained as a result of his victory over the Sasanian dynasty. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 641 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Heraclius’s reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 641 CE was the last year of the reign of the emperor Heraclius. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 668 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Constans II’s reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 668 CE was the last year of Emperor Constans II’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 717 CE. This year, Emperor Leon III ascended the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 717 CE, Emperor Leon III ascended the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 775 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Constantine V's reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 775 CE was the last year of Emperor Constantine V’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 813 CE. This year, Emperor Leon V ascended the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 813 CE, Emperor Leon V ascended the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 842 CE was the last year of Emperor Theophilos’s reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 842 CE was the last year of Emperor Theophilos’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 867 CE, Emperor Basil I ascended the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 867 CE, Emperor Basil I ascended the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 927CE saw the death of Tsar Simeon I of the First Bulgarian Empire and the peace between Byzantium and Bulgaria.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 927CE saw the death of Tsar Simeon I of the First Bulgarian Empire and the peace between Byzantium and Bulgaria. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 959 CE was the last year of Emperor Constantine VII's reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 959 CE was the last year of Emperor Constantine VII’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 969 CE was the last year of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas's reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 969 CE was the last year of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view a high-resolution map.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 975 CE, John I Tzimiskes made an expedition to the east.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 975 CE, John I Tzimiskes made an expedition to the east. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1000 CE, Basil II launched a counter-offensive against the First Bulgarian Empire. He also annexed Tao.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1000 CE, Basil II launched a counter-offensive against the First Bulgarian Empire. He also annexed Tao. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
Map of the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 1025 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Basil II’s reign.
Map of the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 1025 CE. It was the last year of Emperor Basil II’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1045 CE, the Empire annexed Ani.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1045 CE, the Empire annexed Ani. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1059 CE, Emperor Constantine X Doukas ascended the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1059 CE, Emperor Constantine X Doukas ascended the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1081 CE, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ascended the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1081 CE, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ascended the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 1118 CE was the last year of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos's reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 1118 CE was the last year of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 1143 CE was the last year of Emperor John II Komnenos's reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 1143 CE was the last year of Emperor John II Komnenos’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1155 CE, Manuel I launched an expedition to southern Italy. Probably the same year or the previous year, Anna Komnene passed away.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1155 CE, Manuel I launched an expedition to southern Italy. Probably the same year or the previous year, Anna Komnene passed away. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 1180 CE was the last year of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos's reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) 1180 CE was the last year of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) in 1203 CE. This year, Isaac II Angelos regained the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) In 1203 CE, Isaac II Angelos regained the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine governments-in-exile in 1205 CE. The previous year, the Fourth Crusade occupied and sacked Constantinople.
The Byzantine governments-in-exile in 1205 CE. The previous year, the Fourth Crusade occupied and sacked Constantinople. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine governments-in-exile in 1230 CE.This year, the Empire of Thessalonika became the Maximum version. Shortly after the point shown on this map, the Empire of Thessaloniki clashed with the Second Bulgarian Empire at Klokotnitsa.
The Byzantine governments-in-exile in 1230 CE. This year, the Empire of Thessalonika became the Maximum version. Shortly after the point shown on this map, the Empire of Thessaloniki clashed with the Second Bulgarian Empire at Klokotnitsa. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine governments-in-exile in 1254 CE. It was the last year of Nicaean Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes’s reign.
The Byzantine governments-in-exile in 1254 CE. It was the last year of Nicaean Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire), the Trapezuntine Empire and the Despotate of Epirus in 1262 CE. The previous year, Emperor Michael VIII reconquered Constantinople.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire), the Trapezuntine Empire and the Despotate of Epirus in 1262 CE. The previous year, Emperor Michael VIII reconquered Constantinople. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire), the Trapezuntine Empire, the Despotate of Epirus and the Principality of Theodoro in 1328 CE. This year, Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos ascended the throne.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire), the Trapezuntine Empire, the Despotate of Epirus and the Principality of Theodoro in 1328 CE. This year, Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos ascended the throne. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1340 CE. In this year, the Byzantine Empire annexed the Despotate of Epirus.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1340 CE. In this year, the Byzantine Empire annexed the Despotate of Epirus. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1354 CE. It was the last year of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos’s reign.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1354 CE. It was the last year of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos’s reign. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1400 CE. The previous year, Emperor Manuel II left Constantinople to visit Western Europe to ask for reinforcements.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1400 CE. The previous year, Emperor Manuel II left Constantinople to visit Western Europe to ask for reinforcements. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1403 CE. The previous year, the Battle of Ankara took place. Timur defeated and captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid the Thunderbolt. In the aftermath, Ottoman forces signed the Treaty of Gallipoli with the Byzantine Empire, Genoa and Venice in this year.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1403 CE. The previous year, the Battle of Ankara took place. Timur defeated and captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid the Thunderbolt. In the aftermath, Ottoman forces signed the Treaty of Gallipoli with the Byzantine Empire, Genoa and Venice in this year. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1445 CE. In this year, the despot Constantine of Moreas surrendered the Duchy of Athens and led an expedition to Thessaly. He succeeded to the imperial throne following the demise of his brother. The previous year, the Battle of Varna took place, which was won by the Ottomans.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1445 CE. In this year, Despot Constantine of the Morea forced the Duchy of Athens (under Nerio II Acciaioli) to submit and pay tribute; he also campaigned in Thessaly. He succeeded to the imperial throne following the demise of his brother. The previous year, the Battle of Varna took place, which was won by the Ottomans. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1453 CE. This year marks the end of the reign of Constantine XI.
The Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) , the Trapezuntine Empire and the Principality of Theodoro in 1453 CE. This year marks the end of the reign of Constantine XI. Tap or click on the thumbnail image above to view the original size.
This image is the topographical map of the Byzantine Empire in 1025.
This image is the topographical map of the Byzantine Empire in 1025.

Bibliography

  1. Ahrweiler, Hélène. L’idéologie politique de l’Empire byzantin. Presses universitaires de France, 1975. Japanese translation: Bizantsu teikoku no seijiteki ideorogī, translated by Keitarō Shōju. Tokai University Press, 1989.
  2. Amatus of Montecassino. The History of the Normans. Translated by Prescott N. Dunbar. Revised, with introduction and notes, by G. A. Loud. Boydell Press, 2004.
  3. Aristakes Lastivertc‘i. Aristakes Lastivertc‘i’s History. Translated by Robert Bedrosian. 1985. Online text at Attalus. https://www.attalus.org/armenian/alint.htm.
  4. Attaleiates, Michael. The History. Edited and translated by Anthony Kaldellis and Dimitris Krallis. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 16. Harvard University Press, 2012.
  5. Austrian Academy of Sciences. “Tabula Imperii Byzantini.” Accessed September 10, 2026. https://tib.oeaw.ac.at/.
  6. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research. Maps of Power Viewer. Version 1.0.1. Accessed June 3, 2026. https://atlas.maps-of-power.at/.
  7. Bagnall, Roger, et al., eds. Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places. Accessed September 10, 2026. https://pleiades.stoa.org/.
  8. Barraclough, Geoffrey, general ed. Asahi-Taimuzu sekai rekishi chizu [Asahi–Times Atlas of World History]. Japanese edition edited by Osamu Naruse et al. Asahi Shimbunsha, 1979. Japanese edition of The Times Atlas of World History.
  9. Belke, Klaus. Bithynien und Hellespont. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 13. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2020.
  10. Belke, Klaus. Galatien und Lykaonien. With contributions by Marcell Restle. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984.
  11. Belke, Klaus, and Norbert Mersich. Phrygien und Pisidien. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990.
  12. Black, Jeremy, general ed. Sekaishi atorasu [Atlas of World History]. Shūeisha, 2001. In Japanese.
  13. Bollók, Ádám. A Century of Gold: The Rise and Glory of the Avar Khaganate in the Carpathian Basin. Translated by Magdaléna Seleanu. Hereditas Archaeologica Hungariae 4. Archaeolingua Foundation, 2021.
  14. Browning, Robert. Byzantium and Bulgaria: A Comparative Study across the Early Medieval Frontier. Temple Smith, 1975. Japanese translation: Bizantsu teikoku to Burugaria, translated by Yasuo Kinbara. Tokai University Press, 1995.
  15. Bryer, Anthony, and David Winfield. The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos. 2 vols. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985.
  16. Bury, J. B. History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. 2 vols. Macmillan, 1923.
  17. Busquets Porcel, Isabel, José Miguel Rosselló Esteve, and Pau Marimon Ribas. “Continuity and Discontinuity in the Balearic Islands during the Byzantine Period (VI–VIII Centuries).” Paper presented at the Edinburgh University Seventh-Century Colloquium, Edinburgh, May 29, 2013.
  18. Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. 2 vols. Alphonse Picard et fils, 1907.
  19. Cheynet, Jean-Claude. Histoire de Byzance. 6th ed. Que sais-je? Presses universitaires de France, 2023. Japanese translation: Bizantsu teikoku no rekishi: Seiji, shakai, keizai, translated by Yukio Nezu. Bunko Kuseju 1063. Hakusuisha, 2024.
  20. Choniates, Niketas. O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Byzantine Texts in Translation. Wayne State University Press, 1984.
  21. Churchill, W. J. “The Annales Barenses and the Annales Lupi Protospatharii: Critical Edition and Commentary.” PhD diss., University of Toronto, 1979.
  22. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio. Edited by Gyula Moravcsik. Translated by R. J. H. Jenkins. Rev. ed. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967.
  23. Dumbarton Oaks. “Online Catalogue of Byzantine Seals.” Accessed June 3, 2026. https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals.
  24. Evans, James Allan Stewart. The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power. Roman Imperial Biographies. Routledge, 1996.
  25. Falkenhausen, Vera von. “The South Italian Sources.” In Byzantines and Crusaders in Non-Greek Sources, 1025–1204, edited by Mary Whitby, 95–121. British Academy, 2007.
  26. Fine, John V. A., Jr. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press, 1983.
  27. Fisher, Greg. Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  28. Garsoïan, Nina G. “The Byzantine Annexation of the Armenian Kingdoms in the Eleventh Century.” In The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 187–98. St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
  29. Garsoïan, Nina G. “The Independent Kingdoms of Medieval Armenia.” In The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 143–85. St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
  30. Gay, Jules. L’Italie méridionale et l’Empire byzantin depuis l’avènement de Basile Ier jusqu’à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071). Albert Fontemoing, 1904.
  31. Gazetteer of Ancient Arabia. n.d. https://ancientarabia.huma-num.fr/.
  32. Glykatzi-Ahrweiler, Hélène. “Recherches sur l’administration de l’empire byzantin aux IX–XIème siècles.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 84, no. 1 (1960): 1–111. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1960.1551.
  33. Greatrex, Geoffrey, and Samuel N. C. Lieu. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part 2, AD 363–630: A Narrative Sourcebook. Routledge, 2007.
  34. Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. Translated by Lewis Thorpe. Penguin Books, 1974.
  35. Haldon, John. The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230273955.
  36. Harris, Jonathan. The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press, 2010. Japanese translation: Bizantsu teikoku no saigo, translated by Kōichi Inoue. Hakusuisha, 2013.
  37. Harris, Jonathan. The Lost World of Byzantium. Yale University Press, 2015. Japanese translation: Bizantsu teikoku: Seizon senryaku no issennen, translated by Kōichi Inoue. Hakusuisha, 2018.
  38. Heath, Ian. Byzantine Armies, 886–1118. Illustrated by Angus McBride. Men-at-Arms 89. Osprey Publishing, 1979. Japanese translation: Bizantin teikoku no guntai, 886–1118: Rōma teikoku no keishōsha, translated by Shiori Hiiragi. Shinkigensha, 2001.
  39. Hellenkemper, Hansgerd, and Friedrich Hild. Lykien und Pamphylien. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2004.
  40. Hild, Friedrich, and Marcell Restle. Kappadokien: Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1981.
  41. Holum, Kenneth G. Review of Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, vol. 2, pt. 2, Economic, Social, and Cultural History, by Irfan Shahîd. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2010.09.18. https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010.09.18/.
  42. Honigmann, Ernst. “Neronias–Irenopolis in Eastern Cilicia.” Byzantion 20 (1950): 39–61.
  43. Honigmann, Ernst. Die Ostgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071 nach griechischen, arabischen, syrischen und armenischen Quellen. Éditions de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire Orientales, 1935.
  44. Inoue, Kōichi. Ikinokotta teikoku Bizantin [Byzantium: The Empire That Survived]. Kōdansha Gendai Shinsho. Kōdansha, 1990. In Japanese.
  45. Inoue, Kōichi, and Takeo Kuriuzawa. Bizantsu to Suravu [Byzantium and the Slavs]. Sekai no Rekishi. Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2009. In Japanese.
  46. Inoue, Kōichi, and Yukio Nezu, eds. Bizantsu: Kōryū to kyōsei no sennen teikoku [Byzantium: A Thousand-Year Empire of Interaction and Coexistence]. Shōwadō, 2013. In Japanese.
  47. Jeffreys, Michael, et al. Prosopography of the Byzantine World, 2016. King’s College London, 2017. Accessed September 10, 2026. https://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/.
  48. Kaegi, Walter Emil, Jr. “Two Notes on Heraclius.” Revue des études byzantines 37 (1979): 221–27. https://doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1979.2096.
  49. Kaldellis, Anthony. The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, 2023.
  50. Kaldellis, Anthony. Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade. Onassis Series in Hellenic Culture. Oxford University Press, 2017.
  51. Kamei, Takayoshi, Tsugio Mikami, Kentarō Hayashi, and Yōzō Horigome, eds. Sekaishi nenpyō chizu: 2026 nenban [Chronological Tables and Maps of World History: 2026 Edition]. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2026. In Japanese.
  52. Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. Oxford University Press, 1991.
  53. Kekaumenos. Consilia et Narrationes. Edited and translated, with commentary, by Charlotte Roueché. SAWS ed. Sharing Ancient Wisdoms, 2013. https://ancientwisdoms.ac.uk/library/kekaumenos-consilia-et-narrationes/.
  54. Kobayashi, Isao. Umarekuru bunmei to taiji suru koto: 7-seiki Chichūkai sekai no aratana rekishizō [Confronting an Emerging Civilization: A New View of the Seventh-Century Mediterranean World]. MINERVA Seiyōshi Library 114. Minerva Shobō, 2020. In Japanese.
  55. Kobayashi, Isao, and Tamon Baba, eds. Chichūkai sekai no chūseishi [A Medieval History of the Mediterranean World]. Minerva Shobō, 2021. In Japanese.
  56. Komatina, Predrag. “On the Question of the Byzantine Rule in Croatia in the Late 10th and Early 11th Century.” Istorijski časopis 71 (2022): 11–34.
  57. Komatina, Predrag. “Srbija i Duklja u delu Jovana Skilice.” Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta 49 (2012): 159–86.
  58. Komnene, Anna. Arekushiasu [Alexiad]. Translated by Yōzō Aino. Yūshokan, 2019. In Japanese.
  59. Kreutz, Barbara M. Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
  60. Lançon, Bertrand. Constantin (306–337). Que sais-je? Presses universitaires de France, 1998. Japanese translation: Konsutantinusu: Sono shōgai to chisei, translated by Yutaka Ōshimizu. Bunko Kuseju. Hakusuisha, 2012.
  61. Laurent, Vitalien. “Le thème byzantin de Serbie au XIe siècle.” Revue des études byzantines 15 (1957): 185–95. https://doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1957.1155.
  62. Loud, G. A. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Longman, 2000.
  63. Maraval, Pierre. L’empereur Justinien. Que sais-je? Presses universitaires de France, 1999. Japanese translation: Kōtei Yusutinianusu, translated by Yasuhiro Ōtsuki. Bunko Kuseju 883. Hakusuisha, 2005.
  64. Martin, Jean-Marie. La Pouille du VIe au XIIe siècle. Collection de l’École française de Rome 179. École française de Rome, 1993.
  65. Matsumoto, Norio, ed. Itariashi 1: Kodai, shoki chūsei [History of Italy, Volume 1: Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages]. Sekai Rekishi Taikei. Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2021. In Japanese.
  66. Nakatani, Kōji. Bizantsu teikoku: Sennen no kōbō to kōteitachi [The Byzantine Empire: A Thousand Years of Rise and Fall and Its Emperors]. Chūkō Shinsho. Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2020. In Japanese.
  67. Nakatani, Kōji. Tema hanran to Bizantsu teikoku: Konsutantinōpuru seifu to chihō gundan [Theme Revolts and the Byzantine Empire: The Government of Constantinople and the Provincial Armies]. Osaka University Press, 2016. In Japanese.
  68. Neira Faleiro, Concepción, ed. La Notitia dignitatum: Nueva edición crítica y comentario histórico. Nueva Roma 25. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2005.
  69. Nesbitt, John W., and Nicolas Oikonomidès, eds. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Vol. 1, Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991.
  70. Nesbitt, John W., and Nicolas Oikonomidès, eds. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Vol. 2, South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1994.
  71. Nesbitt, John W., and Nicolas Oikonomidès, eds. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Vol. 3, West, Northwest, and Central Asia Minor and the Orient. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1996.
  72. Nezu, Yukio. Bizantsu: Gen’ei no sekai teikoku [Byzantium: The Phantom World Empire]. Kōdansha Sensho Mechie. Kōdansha, 1999. In Japanese.
  73. Nezu, Yukio. Bizantsu kizoku to kōtei seiken: Komunenosuchō shihai taisei no seiritsu katei [Byzantine Aristocrats and Imperial Government: The Formation of the Komnenian Regime]. Sekaishisōsha, 2012. In Japanese.
  74. Nezu, Yukio. Bizantsu no kokka to shakai [State and Society in Byzantium]. Sekaishi Libretto. Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2008. In Japanese.
  75. Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South, 1016–1130. Faber and Faber, 1967. Reprint, Faber and Faber, 2010.
  76. Notitia dignitatum: Accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi provinciarum. Edited by Otto Seeck. Weidmann, 1876.
  77. Oikonomidès, Nicolas. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles. Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1972.
  78. Ostrogorsky, Georg. Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates. 3rd ed. C. H. Beck, 1963. Japanese translation: Bizantsu teikokushi, translated by Hiroshi Wada. Kōbunsha, 2001.
  79. Peacock, A. C. S. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
  80. Pochettino, Giuseppe. I Langobardi nell’Italia meridionale, 570–1080. Alfredo Guida, 1930.
  81. Procopius. Buildings. Translated by H. B. Dewing. Loeb Classical Library 343. Harvard University Press, 1940.
  82. Procopius. The Wars of Justinian. Translated by H. B. Dewing. Revised, with introduction and notes, by Anthony Kaldellis. Hackett Publishing, 2014.
  83. Psellos, Michael. Fourteen Byzantine Rulers: The Chronographia of Michael Psellus. Translated by E. R. A. Sewter. Rev. ed. Penguin Books, 1966.
  84. Psellos, Michael. Michaelis Pselli Chronographia. Edited by Diether Roderich Reinsch. Millennium-Studien 51. De Gruyter, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110347302.
  85. Putzger, Friedrich Wilhelm. Puttsugā rekishi chizu: Nihongoban [Putzger Historical Atlas: Japanese Edition]. Edited by the Teikoku Shoin Editorial Department. Translated by Nobuharu Kawai and Shigeru Uchida. Supervised by Katsuyo Okazaki. Teikoku Shoin, 2013. Based on the 104th revised edition of Putzger: Historischer Weltatlas, edited by Ernst Bruckmüller and Peter Claus Hartmann, Cornelsen Verlag.
  86. Sakurai, Yasuto. Jūjigun kokka [The Crusader States]. Chikuma Shobō, 2023. In Japanese.
  87. Salas, Brian William. “The Strategides and Themes: A Quantitative Approach to the Byzantine Empire’s Administrative Structure.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2024. https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.12940.
  88. Schiettecatte, Jérémie, and Mounir Arbach. “The Political Map of Arabia and the Middle East in the Third Century AD Revealed by a Sabaean Inscription.” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 27, no. 2 (2016): 176–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/aae.12071.
  89. Shahîd, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. 2 vols. in 4 parts. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995–2009.
  90. Shiba, Nobuhiro, ed. Barukanshi [A History of the Balkans]. Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1998. In Japanese.
  91. Shōju, Keitarō. Bizantsu teikokushi [A History of the Byzantine Empire]. Tokai University Press, 1999. In Japanese.
  92. Skylitzes, John. A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Translated by John Wortley. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  93. Sluglett, Peter, and Andrew Currie. Atlas of Islamic History. Routledge, 2014.
  94. Sorochan, S. B. Византийский Херсон (вторая половина VI – первая половина X вв.): Очерки истории и культуры. Edited by G. Iu. Ivakin. 2 parts. Maidan, 2005.
  95. Stephenson, Paul. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  96. Suzuki, Tadashi. Osuman teikoku: Isuramu sekai no yawarakai sensei [The Ottoman Empire: Soft Despotism in the Islamic World]. Kōdansha Gendai Shinsho. Kōdansha, 1992. In Japanese.
  97. Tabula Imperii Byzantini. Various volumes. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1966–.
  98. Takayama, Hiroshi. Chūsei Chichūkai sekai to Shichiria ōkoku [The Medieval Mediterranean World and the Kingdom of Sicily]. University of Tokyo Press, 1993. In Japanese.
  99. Talbert, Richard J. A., ed. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press, 2000.
  100. Thompson, E. A. The Huns. Revised by Peter Heather. Blackwell, 1996. Japanese translation: Funzoku: Nazo no kodai teikoku no kōbōshi, translated by Nobuyoshi Kimura. Hosei University Press, 1999.
  101. ToposText. ToposText. Accessed September 10, 2026. https://topostext.org/.
  102. Treadgold, Warren. The Byzantine State Finances in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries. East European Monographs, 1982.
  103. Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, 1997.
  104. Vasiliev, Alexander A. The Goths in the Crimea. The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1936. https://archive.org/details/Vasiliev1936Goths.
  105. Watanabe, Kin’ichi. Bizantsu shakai keizaishi kenkyū [Studies in Byzantine Social and Economic History]. Iwanami Shoten, 1968. In Japanese.
  106. William of Apulia. La geste de Robert Guiscard. Edited and translated by Marguerite Mathieu. Testi e monumenti, Testi 4. Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici, 1961.
  107. Yamabe, Noriko. Noruman kishi no Chichūkai kōbōshi [The Rise and Fall of the Norman Knights in the Mediterranean]. Hakusui U Books. Hakusuisha, 2009. In Japanese.
  108. Zanini, Enrico, Philippe Pergola, and Miguel Ángel Cau Ontiveros, eds. The Insular System of the Early Byzantine Mediterranean: Archaeology and History. BAR International Series 2523. Archaeopress, 2013.
  109. Živković, Tibor. De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. The Institute of History, 2012.
  110. Živković, Tibor. Portreti srpskih vladara: IX–XII vek. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, 2006.